But no, we will not be talking about how an elevator works as it is primarily guided by principles that are better understood to the mechanical engineers. The whole set-up is rather complex with many control systems and processors forming the core of the elevator scheme. In this discussion, we will deal with the role of electronics in the modern-day elevator system — the display control For simplicity, we will only be dealing with the fundamental circuitry or concept underlying the displays employed. The actual connections or circuits may-be larger and heavily complicated. You can consider it to be the same as the buttons you see in the elevator and so on. Binary this is how we take the input from the user. The next part is to process this unit in a form that is better understood by the processor. After the processing has been done, it is time to display the data to the user for which a device called the seven segment display or SSD is used. Now, it is the same device that displays time in a digital clock but sadly it cannot be directly connected to the core circuitry. The SSD contains a set of seven LEDs, namely a-b-c-d-e-f-g-h that light up in accordance to the input to show Have a look For this the connections are made via a BCD-to-seven segment decoder that decodes the input into a format that is understood by the SSD. The format of the data output coming from the counter will be in the form of binary coded decimal or BCD. IC is most commonly used for this decoding purpose. This enables the SSD to deduce that the number 6 is to be displayed. This is how all the digits from 0 to 9 can be displayed using stock single SSD. Coming back to the processing block, it can be explained with the help of a situational example: Suppose you enter a multi-storey building and wish to go to the 3rd floor. Your first action will be to press the button at the ground floor and wait for the lift to come down if the lift is not at the ground floor initially. After the lift has dropped you at the 3rd floor, it will once again go back to the ground floor i. Are you asking yourself how could it be that easy? Therefore the lift comes back to its ground state after every cycle unless a trigger is applied to call the elevator to some other floor. Not as easily done as said, but certainly the fundamentals remain the same. Try the new additions to the DoCircuits panel—specialized ICs up-down decade counter, bit comparator, decoder and the Seven Segment Display. Ditch the Walmart lights this time and build your own to make your home the most wonderful during Xmas. Did you think you could have made a better job with the help of electronics. This XMas let us construct our own system of lighting by a very simple yet and effective way. The input to the MUX is the different digital sequences according to our need. Depending on the input to select line, the corresponding mode gets selected and accordingly light blinks. Thus a pattern of blinks is obtained. The output is shown as follows The output of each stage as shown in output wave form is shifted at every stage as D flip flop provides simulator at every stage. These outputs are provided as inputs to different colors of lights and the lights blink according to the digital output at every stage. We can control the duration of blink by adjusting the clock frequency and bit period at input. For mode selection we will use multiplexer to switch from one digital input to next input. These wires sometimes make it inconvenient to carry your phone while on charging. But now with a small amount of modification a portable wireless charger can be constructed thus making your life hassle-free. Wireless charging is also referred to as inductive charging because it employs the use of magnetic field to transfer energy. This transfer is usually from a charging station, henceforth referred to as a supply, to a rechargeable and moveable device The basic phenomenon behind the wireless charging is induction. An inductive charger uses a coil to form an alternating magnetic field in the primary winding which induces a field in the secondary coil which is inside your cell phone through the process of mutual induction once these two coils are placed close to each other. Hence, power is transferred from supply to mobile device via magnetic induction. The whole system can be divided into following subsystem simulator will discuss them all Power bank: Power bank is simply a DC source. The wave form is as shown below Amplifier: Here we have used push pull amplifier because of its ability to work stock limited power supply. A push pull amplifier has an output stage that can drive a current in either direction through the load. The output stage of a push-pull amplifier comprises of two identical BJTs of which one sources current through the load while the other one sinks the current from the load. The whole arrangement is shown in figure below: Click on the image to load the circuit The output of oscillator stage is fed to the push pull amplifier and is split into two identical signals with phase difference of degrees using the center-tapped transformer as shown in figure below These signals are then applied binary the two identical BJTs whose emitter terminals are connected. Thus amplified signal is then transferred to the receiving side by the use of current carrying wire loop of transformer. The first stage that is a half wave rectifier rectifies the received wave form which will then pass through the RC network that will act as a filter and will remove the ripples Now the output of Simulator filter is fed to the constant output voltage IC that will provide a constant output voltage of binary volts and several hundred milli-amperes which will be sufficient to charge your cell phone, music players, tablets etc. The final out waveform is shown below Hi folks! This week we have introduced the first in binary series of analog ICs — the AD633 multiplier IC. This is a functionally complete, four-quadrant, analog multiplier. Four quadrant means that both operands that are multiplied can take any polarity i. It includes high impedance, differential X and Y inputs, and a high impedance summing input Z. Thus this multiplier basically does a MAC operation Multiply and Accumulate. The AD633 is well suited for such applications as modulation and demodulation, automatic gain control, power measurement, voltage-controlled amplifiers, and frequency doublers. The input range of operating voltages for this IC is from V to V. So while designing circuits with AD633 keep in mind that the inputs do not exceed this limit. First up, given below is an amplitude modulator circuit. Click on the circuit to load it on DoCircuits The carrier and modulation inputs to the AD633 are multiplied to produce a double sideband signal. The carrier signal is fed forward to the Z input of the AD633 where it is summed with the double sideband signal to produce a double sideband with the carrier output. Here is how the AM signal generated looks like: Another very simple application using the AD633 is the binary controlled low pass filter. The cutoff frequency is modulated by EC, the control input. Click on the circuit to load it on DoCircuits Now to show how you can control this low-pass filter we can sweep the control voltage Vdc from V to V this is done by selecting Frequency Domain Analysis and enabling the sweep settings. Then vary the Vdc values as given and plot the frequency response as shown: So where can we find such a low-pass filter? One may find this block diagram quite familiar The sound input produced by either humans or instruments in this case is first taken through a microphone that is a transducer, i. Here we will broadly discuss about two important aspects in this processing system viz. Apart from these, the system may also stock other processes like the music recording or playback but for our discussion we will try to understand one by one, the electronics behind the working of an audio mixer and an audio amplifier which are indispensable for live performances and concerts. However, many more intricacies are involved when we talk of any real life application of any circuit. As clear from the name itself, the function of an audio mixer is to mix or combine multiple sounds which are taken as inputs from its multiple channels and send them to single or multiple channels. This is done to adjust or add the volume levels, tuning, frequency matches, placement, reverb, equalization and other dynamics of the incoming sound signal In professional terms, this device is also known as the sound board or mixing console that guarantees that only the best sounds reach to the audience. Beyond doubt, the operator better referred as the sound engineer of such a device has a real tough job and it requires a great deal of patience to adjust all the inputs, and observe every detail so as to get the maximum out of mixing. Now, one might be surprised to see that how only transistors and potentiometers can be used for the purpose of audio mixing. Here is how we do it at DoCircuits click here to load the circuit or click on the circuit below For simplicity, there are two input channels to represent sound signals that may be coming from a drum, guitar, keyboard, vocals, or may-be a pre-recorded sound track. The potentiometers are used to adjust the volume levels for each of the input. The next stage is an amplification stage using a transistor. The output is taken from the oscillator for this simulation as It can be simulator understood that more matched the input frequencies are, we get a uniform sound pattern. One may try to change the inputs and simulate the given circuit to observe the changing outputs of the audio mixer. Some audio mixers contain inbuilt binary that are used to amplify the incoming sound. Here comes the requirement of amplification as the microphone processed signal is very small to be passed directly to the loudspeakers. In our next article, we discuss the fundamentals behind the next stage i. The other day my friend and I were supposed to design an AM modulator — an ideal one — that can work out for practically any carrier and message modulating signal signal. One way to do it would be to design an AM circuit the traditional way using BJT et al. One is the accuracy. It will depend on so many other things like the BJT biasing, its properties etc. And also we would have had to take the trouble to design the circuit! So we decided to model the circuit binary ideal components like the multiplier after all the AM operation itself is a function in multiplication. This equation is used for a sine carrier and sine modulating wave. If I were to directly implement the above equation using ideal components it will look like this Circuit Here The carrier is supposed to be a square wave of amplitude 6 V and frequency 10 kHz. From this frequency the square wave TL and TH are set as ms. Thus the sine wave modulating wave is given an offset of 6 V. The amplitude of the sine wave is determined by the modulation index. Simulator the amplitude of the sine modulating wave is set as 3 V with a frequency of 1 kHz. These two signals are multiplied with the help of a multiplier. There you go, we have modelled an AM system from the equation for AM. Whether we are successful is yet to be seen. Thus our method is pretty accurate. This example is just one of many types of systems that can be modelled in DoCircuits. Of course you can extend the above method to all the different types stock signals like sine, triangular, square etc. But what is the idea behind it all? It all started by getting the equation for a system and trying to implement it by modelling it in DoCircuits. Basic operations like addition, subtraction, division and multiplication are available in the ideal components panel and can be modelled very easy at present and further operations will be added in the future. The traffic light system is one of the systems which over the years have improved ever so slightly. It still has — and will — its three lights, red, yellow and green. Each light is lit for a certain period of time and in a certain sequence. Simulator yellow light is lit in between the red and green. When the red is lit in one lane the green is lit in the other lane stopping traffic in one lane while allowing traffic in the other. The above circuit can be used to signal the two sets of traffic lights — named R1,Y1,G1 and R2,Y2,G2 where the R, G and Y stand for red, green and yellow respectively. We have used logic probes in place of the lights. The D flip-flops are connected in series as a 10 bit ring counter. This results in initially G1 on and R2 on. As the bit shifts through the counter, this in turn shifts traffic lights G1 to R1 and R2 to G2. And the process continues. Thus when traffic in one lane is stopped by the lights the traffic in another lane is allowed to pass. Analyze the circuit according to the logic. The output plot is as shown below But it would be nice to see the lights of your circuit in action right? But how will this traffic light controller be in real life? Although the lamps will be more powerful, the logic to run the system will be pretty much the same. A timer will be used to generate a clock signal of the required time delay. Then a decade counter IC this has 10 bits and each bit goes high with a clock signal in a round-robin fashion performs the function of the stock counter in this circuit. And a NOR gate IC would be used for the NOR gates. This week we will see an interesting circuit which most design engineers, test engineers, hobbyists, lab technicians and students can relate to. So what is the principle behind this function generator? It is made up of various parts which are all op-amp circuits. The first part of the circuit is an astable multivibrator. This will generate a square wave which will oscillate between positive and negative saturation. This square wave is passed on to an integrator. This means that a positive constant will give a positive ramp and a negative constant will integrate to a negative ramp. Adding them together we get a triangular wave. We got our square wave and triangular wave — if only there were a way to obtain a sine wave too from this setup. What will happen if you integrate the above triangular wave? A triangle wave consists of positive and negative going ramps. A ramp is a function that increases linearly with time. If you integrate a ramp, you get a function that increases as the square of time which has the shape of a parabola. So the integral of a triangle wave is a series of positive and negative going parabolic shapes. In other words, yes you guessed it right you will get a pretty accurate sine wave. Alternatively I can approach this mathematically. This can be adjusted by inserting an amplifier at the end. Starting from the left hand side, the first portion is an astable multivibrator, the output of which is a square wave. R0 is the feedback resistor and C0 is the timing capacitor. The frequency of this square wave stock be varied by varying the RC values namely the R0 and Stock values. Note the initial value of capacitor C0. In real life the oscillations will be started by the offset voltage inherent to op-amps which would charge the capacitor and in turn push the output to positive and negative saturation. This square wave is applied to an integrator as shown which in turn converts the square wave to a triangle wave. Further the triangular wave is integrated again through another integrator resulting in a sine wave. Varying this gain you can control the amplitude of the sine wave. This is the principle of working of the basic function generator you find in your lab. But irrespective of their class, they all run on a battery which goes down at the end of the day. The smarter your phone, the sooner it runs out of charge Have you stock wondered about the one thing that keeps your phones going? Yes, we are talking about your cell phone chargers here. Cellphone chargers are nothing by simple AC to DC converters, i. In this article, we are going to talk about the internals of a cellphone charger and even create a working circuit. The cellphone charger extracts the power from the home supply AC 220V and converts it to a DC level of required voltage. The stock output is fairly constant which means it is regulated. The output voltage remains constant whether the load current changes or there are fluctuations in the input AC voltage. This is achieved in a series of steps: Step 1: Step down the high input of 220V to a working output voltage. This is achieved simulator the help of a transformer Step 3: Smoothen the output of the rectifier by filtering the ripples from DC rectification The components used are very common and simple. Most of you know what goes on inside of them. The transformer contains two huge copper coils, one between the two terminals of the input power supply and other between the two terminals of the output. Here we use a step-down transformer which means it will convert high voltage to low voltage. The number of turns of the coil inside will determine the voltage supported at input and output both. Now comes the rectifier part. This converts the AC voltage output of the transformer to a DC voltage. It just reverses the polarity of one half of the period of the AC signal. This will make both parts have the same polarity. Here we use a full wave bridge rectifier to convert the AC signal to DC. The output from the rectification stage is DC, but hardly constant. So, we use capacitive filtering to smoothen the output. In this example, using a simple low pass filter at the output of the rectifier, however binary real life, higher order filters may be used, which would give a much simulator smoother output Regulator: The filtering significantly smoothens the output, but even after that small ripples remain. If we use this directly to charge our phones, the constant fluctuation in the voltage may damage the device. It is very simulator to have a steady output voltage with minimal fluctuations. This is where the regulator stage kicks in. Here we have used a simple zener diode based regulator. The tendency of a zener diode is to have a fixed voltage between its two terminals when reversed biased. So when input voltage changes, the current through the zener diode also changes inversely so that the output is constant. This regulator is quite simple to create, but its is that it wastes a lot of power. So, the cell phone chargers typically use IC voltage regulators, such as ICICIC etc. You can even go ahead and run it with DoCircuits and see it working for yourself!! Try it on DoCircuits! All the symbols have their usual meanings. Function generator is used as a power input source to the system. Even if you want some unique voltage supply, you can custom build it so easily now. This memory array is made up of basic memory cells. Each memory cell can be used to store one bit of data, either a 1 or 0. This memory array circuitry is designed for the reading data from and writing data to the memory cells. The addressable unit of such an array is referred to as a word which is a collection of bits, each bit being stored in stock cell. Thus a W x b memory has W number of words each word having b number of bits. The array is called as a random access memory in the sense that each memory location, simulator is a word has a unique wired-in addressing mechanism. As a result, corresponding to a given address of a word the bits of that word can be accessed randomly and the time to access any location is equal to the memory cycle time The decoder is used for row select. For example to select the first row — or word — A0 and A1 are made 00, for the next row 01 and so on. Similarly A2 and A3 are used for selecting the columns while reading the data. As you can see these two lines are connected to select lines to the MUX0 which has inputs from all the columns. The data line as shown here is given to a demultiplexer which has the same select lines as the multiplexer described above. Again the select lines of this multiplexer choose the required column to which the data is to be written. So using this column select the data is written to or read from a certain column, but the particular cell is selected from the row select — the decoder. The RW line should be 0 so that write is selected. Thus the data is given to the demux. The output lines of the demux are connected to the data lines of the flip-flops. But note that the data gets latched on when the clock goes high. This clock is provided by the row select lines. Once the particular row gets selected the data gets latched. As shown the multiplexer is connected to the outputs of the flip-flops. When the RW line is made high — to ensure that the read function is enabled via the AND gate. Thus the Read signal reads the particular bit which is pointed out by the column select and row select bits. Click here to load this design. Experience virtual labs for electronics on browser. Work with real looking components and devices. Build circuits - run, analyse and save them in easy steps. The interconnections made within the circuit would illustrate the working of the display system. First, the input given by the user after binary encoding is given as input to the decade counter from the parallel input pins P0,P1,P2,P3. The output from the decade counter is passed to the magnitude comparator binary is compared with the input from the P0,P1,P2,P3 pins. The comparator has three outputs viz: greater than, lesser than, equal to. The comparison may be any of these three possibilities and binary it is essential to decide whether to keep counting up or start counting down based on the comparator output. This decision circuitry is stock as a combinational circuit with the help of logic gates. As can be simulator in the circuit, the two outputs from the logic circuit are CE and UD. Try the new additions to the DoCircuits panel—specialized ICs up-down decade counter, bit comparator, decoder and the Seven Segment Display Amplitude Modulation using AD Amplitude Modulation using AD633 output Low Pass filter using AD Low Pass Filter using AD633 Output Low Pass Filter Using AD633 output sweep For inputs Hz, 10 KHz For inputs Hz, 20 KHz The other day my friend and I were supposed to binary an AM modulator — an ideal one — that can work out for practically any carrier and message modulating signal signal. So we decided to model the circuit using ideal components like the multiplier after all the AM operation itself is a function in multiplication So anyone can recall the equation for an AM operation? Basic operations like addition, subtraction, division and multiplication are available in the ideal components panel and can be modelled very easy at present and further operations will be added in the future Function Generator Block Diagram Function Generator Circuit Function Generator Output Lets Do Circuits!
Beginners Quickstart Tutorial for Binary Options Trading Strategy Make Money Currency Trading
Beginners Quickstart Tutorial for Binary Options Trading Strategy Make Money Currency Trading
Try to find some technical errors, then recommend rejection.Or simply said, nothing is novel.If the authors could be your futher connections, try to find some technical errors, and suggest them to modify it.
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Try to find some technical errors, then recommend rejection.Or simply said, nothing is novel.If the authors could be your futher connections, try to find some technical errors, and suggest them to modify it.